Animations
Movies
Words
Appendix
Summary
Art
Art
Chapter
35
Quizzes:
Self
Activities
Chapter
Cum.
Unit 6: Plant Form and Function
Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
Review
Plants, like multicellular animals, have
composed of different
, which are in turn
composed
of
. The basic organs of vascular plants are
,
, and
, organized into a
system and a
system.
A root
the plant to soil,
absorbs
minerals and
, and often
organic
nutrients.
A stem consists of alternating
, the points at which leaves are attached, and
. At the angle between a leaf and the
stem
is an
bud that is usually dormant, while a
bud is located near the
, where growth is concentrated, due to
dominance.
The
leaf
consists of a flattened
and a stalk called a
. Most monocots have
veins
(vascular tissue), while most dicots have
veins.
Most plants have three tissue
systems:
,
, and
.
The
dermal
tissue system consists of the
and is often covered with a
waxy
.
The vascular tissue system transports materials within the plant.
conveys water and dissolved
minerals
from
into the
.
transports organic
nutrients
throughout the plant.
Ground tissue includes cells specialized for functions such as
,
, and
.
The major types of plant cells include
,
,
,
, and
cells.
are regions of cell growth.
meristems
are located at the tips of
and in the buds of shoots where
growth
occurs to lengthen the plant.
meristems add thickness to stems and roots of
plants through
growth.
Secondary growth occurs in the
cambium and
cambium of
stems.
The older layers of
xylem (heartwood) no longer transport water and minerals, leaving that function to the
outer
.
Review:
Roots, Stems, and Leaves.
Review:
Primary and Secondary Growth.
Animations
Movies
Words
Appendix
Summary
Art
Art
Chapter
36
Quizzes:
Self
Activities
Chapter
Cum.
Unit 6: Plant Form and Function
Transport in Vascular Plants
Review
One adaptation of terrestrial plants is the
system
which allow some to grow to great
heights.
The selective
of a plant cell's
membrane regulates the movement of
into and out of the cell, mediated by
transport
proteins. Proton
create a hydrogen ion
, setting up a membrane
that can be harnessed to
transport
solutes by
or
.
In the aquatic environment of a cell, the effects
of
(measured by
or osmotic potential) and
pressure (measured by
potential) give rise to
potential.
A plant cell in an environment with a
solute concentration (hypertonic) will lose water and become
; in an environment with a
solute concentration (hypotonic) it will gain
water
and
become
. Changes in water potential is a major mechanism in
flow.
Three major compartments in solute regulation are the cell
and the
, separated by the plasma
, and the
. The
membrane (tonoplast) mediates intracellular transport, while the
and the
provide intercellular
transport.
Water and minerals are absorbed through the
of root tips, where
root
increase the surface
area.
Most plants form symbiotic relationships with fungi to form
, consisting of plant roots united with
fungal
, which facilitate the
absorption
of water and minerals.
Root cells pump mineral ions into the
of the vascular
, which lowers the
potential and generates osmotic pressure, or
pressure.
Photosynthesis results in
, the loss of water vapor through
of leaves. The diameter of the
stoma
is controlled by
cells.
Transpiration produces negative pressure, lowering the
potential, and pulls water from the
into the
leaf.
The transpirational pull on
xylem
is transmitted to the root tips by
and
is the transport of organic nutrients via
.
Phloem
sap is mostly
sucrose
and travels from a sugar
to a sugar
.
Sugar is loaded into
members by
and
pathways.
Sugar loading
water potential and induces water intake at the source, initiating a
flow of sap toward the
sink.
Review:
Transport of Xylem Sap.
Review:
Translocation of Phloem Sap.
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