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Chapter 31

Unit 5: The Evolutionary History of Diversity

Fungi

Review

Fungi are : they cannot make their own food, but feed by secreting and the digested organic compounds.
Most fungi are , but they can also be and symbionts, and even . Some fungi have modified hyphae called that penetrate the tissues of their host, and can even be adapted for preying on .
are unicellular, but most fungi are multicellular and have bodies consisting of , and have cell walls made of the polysaccharide .
Fungi produce through or life cycles.
There are five major fungal phyla.
- Chytrids have spores, called .
- Zygomycetes produce spores in oriented , which can be “aimed”.
- Glomeromycetes form mutualistic mycorrhizae with about 90% of plants.
- Ascomycetes produce sexual spores in saclike . which are usually contained in fruiting bodies called .
- Basidiomycetes include mushrooms and shelf fungi, as well as plant parasites, the rusts and smuts, and mutualists that form .
Fungi form symbiotic relationships with many organisms.
- Mycorrhizae are vital in natural ecosystems and agriculture.
- Many species of ants and termites raise fungi in fungus “farms”.
- Lichens are a association of photosynthetic or held in a mass of fungal , usually from an .
Summary.

Chapter 50

Unit 8: Ecology

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Review

Ecology is the study of the interactions between and the environment, including both (nonliving) and (living) components.
Biotic factors such as , , and other interactions among species can affect the distribution of organisms.
factors that affect the distribution of organisms include sunlight, , water, wind, and soil.
is a major influence on the distribution of organisms. The angle of the sun changes due to the of the Earth, leading to climate changes every year.
Large bodies of water have a effect on the climate of nearby terrestrial environments. Lakes experience seasonal in temperate regions.
Mountains can block winds and cast a rain on the side. The biotic and abiotic factors determine the nature of broad associations, called .
biomes are divided into and biomes based on , and stratified into by light penetration, temperature, and depth.
Review: Aquatic Biomes
biomes are largely determined by the and the types of vegetation adapted to the and of an area.
Review: Terrestrial Biomes

Dec 2, 2006 Print